Lastly, a section on implementation of design for sustainability in education is added to aid readers that wish to introduce this philosophy to younger students. Bringing together leading international scholars and new researchers to provide a substantive insight into the latest thinking and research within the field, The Handbook covers a breadth of historical and theoretical understandings and includes a series of original essays that explore methods and approaches for designers and design educators. This gas is decomposed and ionized during the sputtering discharge, delivering electronegative fluorine (F) to the substrate. Yet, he believes that there is an answer amidst this morass. 6, pp. Efficiency as high as 16.5% has been achieved in CdS/CdTe heterojunction structure in laboratory in 2001, and current techniques for CdS/CdTe solar cells gradually step toward commercialization. These technological frameworks for design and action have worked so well for so long that we take them for granted as the only way to run our modern societies. 1.1 Our unsustainability and major threats. Furthermore, it is also suggested that 3D nanopillar array can also improve the light absorption while enhancing the carrier collection efficiency [40]. The structure of the bilayer CdS thin-film solar cell is shown in Figure 2. The favorable formation enthalpy and good chemical stability of CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed many routes to be explored in novel device architectures. 1, pp. No subject can be understood well without also understanding its context. 0000066141 00000 n This pattern is the characteristic of addiction. While it is grounded and to a degree constrained by experience and the past, it is still open to alternative possibilities; there are still elements of choice of actions. 0000002349 00000 n 2, pp. WebSustainability management refers to approaches dealing with social, environmental, and eco-nomic issues in an integrated manner to transform organizations in a way that they contribute to the sustainable development of the economy and society, within the limits of the ecosystem (e.g., Schaltegger & Burritt, 2005; Whiteman, Walker, & Perego, 2013). 44, no. 0000076969 00000 n Approximately 14.6nms roughness was observed in atomic force microscopy (AFM) for standard CBD of CdS thin film, while it could be reduced to 7.2nm in bilayer case (see in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), resp.). 3338, 2004. 12, no. Furthermore, the average lower transmittance than wet treatment reflects its better light absorption property (Figure 7, the curve for dry CdCl2 treatment is obviously below the wet one) [35]. The Handbook of Design for Sustainability. Calyxo also expended their capacity up to 25MWp in 2008 and expects to finish their second production line with capacity of 110MWp in 2011 [15]. Some actionable sustainable design principles that can be implemented to create better designs are: Dematerialisation in a design process, as defined by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), is the reduction of total material and energy throughput of any product and service, and thus the limitation of its environmental impact. H. Lin, W. Xia, H. N. Wu, and C. W. Tang, CdS/CdTe solar cells with MoOx as back contact buffers, Applied Physics Letters, vol. [36]. 15, pp. Introduction. [11] in this approach. Karim El-Jisr. 9, pp. Design for social innovation . Although there is no impressive progress for efficiency improvement these years, those techniques above offer some novel ideas for further development. Cradle-to-cradle design . In this technology, the first CdS layer is made by standard CBD process with reduced time (compared with standard structure shown in Figure 1), and then the second CdS layer is deposited by CBD at lower temperature (55C). It begins with The Roots of Unsustainability by John R. Ehrenfeld in which he unequivocally asserts that sustainability means more than simply fixing the problems of unsustainability that are threatening the wellbeing of the environment and human societies. V. V. Kislyuk and O. P. Dimitriev, Nanorods and nanotubes for solar cells, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. Design for the base of the pyramid . In addition, any gas of Freon family can be applied for carrying Cl2. 0000004957 00000 n P. Liu, V. P. Singh, C. A. Jarro, and S. Rajaputra, Cadmium sulfide nanowires for the window semiconductor layer in thin film CdS-CdTe solar cells, Nanotechnology, vol. D. G. Diso, G. E. A. Muftah, V. Patel, and I. M. Dharmadasa, Growth of CdS layers to develop all-electrodeposited CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. After electrodepositing a thin layer of Au at the bottom of the channel, the nanopillar structure of CdS is then carried out in a quartz tube furnace with two resistive heating. More of the same technology in a world that has become machine-likeno matter how effective the technology may bewill not reverse our present unsustainable course. 8. 27462750, 2009. Sustainability, used without further qualification, has become a container for our highest aspirations, but, until we name those aspirations, has no practical meaning other than a very general sense of possibility and continuity. 12, no. To become effective and excellent collaborators and innovators, participating in efforts to address and provide fast and efficient solutions II. This paper reviews some novel techniques mainly within two years to solve this problem from aspects of promotion of fabrication technology, structural modification, and choice of back contact materials. 0000001988 00000 n 1, pp. J. Lee, Effects of heat treatment of vacuum evaporated CdCl2 layer on the properties of CdS/CdTe solar cells, Current Applied Physics, vol. If the actors begin to assess the condition of their world as inconsistent with the attainment of their dreams, they will express their concerns in some form. M. A. Matin, M. Mannir Aliyu, A. H. Quadery, and N. Amin, Prospects of novel front and back contacts for high efficiency cadmium telluride thin film solar cells from numerical analysis, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 12, no. 62, no. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. T. P. Kimbis, Solar energy technology program, US Department of Energy, 2011, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_program_mypp_2008-2012.pdf. Cadmium telluride (CdTe)/Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin-film solar cell is a potential candidate for the production of energy through photovoltaic (PV) technology, Study more efficiently using our study tools. Efficiency as high as 15%15.8% has been obtained by Bosio et al. T. Kietzke, Recent advances in organic solar cells, Advances in OptoElectronics, vol. Therefore, this technique can be treated as a good choice for the fabrication of CdS layers in industrial production of photovoltaic modules. 8, pp. 1, pp. (PDF) Design for Sustainability: An Introduction - ResearchGate Webfrom the design discipline to sustainability issues which marks the broad eld of Design for Sustainability (DfS). Conversion efficiency of ~6% has been reported in the initial design. A distinguishing feature of being human, beyond the animals we are, is language. 20, pp. Design for Sustainability (also sometimes known as DfS and D4S) is a subset methodology under the DFX family with its main focus on developing sustainable L. Ren and S. Wang, Progress of organic photovoltaic materials, Recent Patents on Materials Science, vol. According to the US Department of Energy, solar energy should only be economically viable for large-scale production if the cost can be reduced to $0.33/Wp (Wp = wart peak) [8]. 1, pp. In CdS/CdTe heterojunction structure, efficiency up to 16.5% has been achieved in lab as early as 2001 [16], while the best commercial modules are approximately 10%-11% [17]. 801804, 2010. 58035806, 2010. She provides a capsule history of two competing paradigms in design for sustainable development: green and technocratic. Webconsiderations, and social responsibility. Doordan contends that there is an alternate approach, one based on a foundational critique of the status quo, that links sustainability to promoting human wellbeing rather than enhancing the efficiency of technical systems. To improve the efficiency, future research should focus on both the creation of high-quality single-crystal nanopillar and understanding on pillar distribution and recombination rate of carriers in this structure. If your style isn't in the list, you can start a free trial to access over 20 additional styles from the Perlego eReader. (b) SEM images of an as-made AAM with perfectly ordered pores and (c) a CdS nanopillar array after partial etching of the AAM. Albert Borgmann leads the readers on this reflective journey in I Miss the Hungry Years: Coping with Abundance. 2. A philosophical approach is also taken by Aidan Davison in his Making Sustainability Up: Design beyond Possibility. 27, 2010. Conventionally, an etching with nitric-phosphoric (NP) acid is applied to obtain Te-rich layers on the top of CdTe before copper deposition [11], so that a diffusion layer of CuxTe alloy can be formed during the annealing after Cu deposition. Instead of summarizing the history, this paper aims to review the progress of CdS/CdTe photovoltaics by evaluating some current techniques to deal with first three challenges above from three aspects: fabrication technology, structural design, and choice of back contact, respectively. Apply design considerations for assembled systems. 0000085039 00000 n This model leads to a much-diminished view of the meaning of human existence and to many of the pathological conditions visited upon humankind. 60976075, the Suzhou Science and Technology Bureau of China under Grant SYG201007, and SIP Service industry guiding funding. can purchase separate chapters directly from the table of contents Like two sides of a coin, subject and context are inseparable. In addition, this approach also offers more flexibility, since the optical gap can be tuned by size variation of nanopillars. 9951000, 2001. 7. Figure is taken from [. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and V. Canevari, The role of CdS preparation method in the performance of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, in Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. Fabrication methods for CdS/CdTe layers could have a significant effect on cell efficiency and cost. 15-16, pp. One popular solution is to use ZnTe as a buffer layer between the CdTe layer and the Cu back contact. Moreover, thinner CdS film results in higher short-circuit current (Figure 4) and improved the efficiency by around 6.1% with less demand of material (only 80nm thickness of CdS layer shown in Figure 2) compared with standard CBD process [30, 31]. The resulted conversion efficiency >14% is rather high since it is the first successful operation of CdS/CdTe-based solar cell prepared by low-temperature deposition, and more work should be done to optimize the process before actually applying for commercial purpose [33]. He does so by first examining theories that previously found favour with many disciplines, especially those theories grounded in the empirical world of the sciences. 2, pp. 6, pp. Is it possible to ameliorate the downside of abundanceand if so, what is the role of design? In combination, they produced a built environment which met peoples needs. Fortunately, several modifications to conventional methods and new techniques have been explored to improve the problems above these years [2636]. As long as efforts designed to create sustainability arise within the current way of thinking and actionthe normal modern societal paradigmthe best we can hope for is some reduction in unsustainability. A sustainability rating provides an independently determined, standardized summary indicator of sustainability performance based on a specific set of criteria. 6. S15S19, 2007. T. Nakada, Y. Hirabayashi, T. Tokado, D. Ohmori, and T. Mise, Novel device structure for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells using transparent conducting oxide back and front contacts, Solar Energy, vol. K. C. Park, E. S. Cha, and B. T. Ahn, Sodium-doping of ZnTe film by close-spaced sublimation for back contact of CdTe solar cell, Current Applied Physics, vol. The paper is structured as follows. 13, pp. Both Cd- and S-containing cations are deposited on the cathode surface with electrically discharging and chemically reaction. 0000026284 00000 n S. M. Sze, Physics of semiconductor devices (2nd edition), Wiley, Amsterdam (1981), Microelectronics Journal, vol. Samples have been obtained successfully by several common techniques: radio frequency sputtering (R. F. Sputtering) [18], close-spaced sublimation (CSS) [19], and chemical bath deposition (CBD) [20] for CdS preparation, while electrodeposition (ED) [21], screen printing (SP) [22], and CSS [2325] for CdTe thin-film formation. 0000033680 00000 n S484S487, 2010. Made with in London - 2023 Perlego Ltd - 138 Holborn, London EC1N 2SW - VAT 246681777, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Citation styles for The Handbook of Design for Sustainability. Our exploration follows a quasi-chronological pattern. Many kinds of solar cells based on Si [3], thin film [4, 5], or even organic materials [6, 7] are gradually developed these years. 0000039738 00000 n 5, pp. As the performance of the solar cell is closely related to the quality of the interface between CdS and CdTe, the similar grain size does favor to good intermixture of these two materials and could dramatically decrease the defects inside interface. In particular, we have intentions (expressions of what we want the future to be) that guide our actions. Thin-film cadmium telluride (CdTe) is now regarded as one leading material for the development of cost-effective photovoltaics (PV), and it is also the first PV technology with the price for Wp below $1 ($0.85) [9]. However, these are still much lower than the theoretical value. WebSustainable development can be interpreted in economic terms as develop- ment that lasts (Pearce and Barbier, 2000) i.e. 0000000949 00000 n WebM.E.COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN REGULATIONS 2021 CHOICEBASEDCREDITSYSTEM I TO IV SEMESTERS CURRICULA & SYLLABI 1. Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. As As2Te3 is directly deposited onto CdTe layer, no etching process is required. WebCitation styles for The Handbook of Design for Sustainability How to cite The Handbook of Design for Sustainability for your reference list or bibliography: select your referencing style from the list below and hit 'copy' to generate a citation. The financial crises that began in 2008 are blamed on the failure to have adequate regulation, on the innovation of derivative packages, poor risk assessment mechanisms, greedy bankers, and more. ED4072 Composite Materials and Mechanics PEC 3 0 0 3 3 3. 96, no. Web1. 3. Then smaller grain size would be obtained since the bilayer structure could provide the compact and uniform CdS layers without pinholes and cracks among grain boundaries. Another cause that will be elaborated below is the omnipresence of technology in modern societies. J. Han, C. Fan, C. Spanheimer et al., Electrical properties of the CdTe back contact: a new chemically etching process based on nitric acid/acetic acid mixtures, Applied Surface Science, vol. 1, pp. WebSustainable Design Standards: The LACCD has developed a Sustainable Design Standards which outlines the process for achieving sustainable design and lists all This phenomenon probably results from the presence of F. On one hand, it strongly reduces the growth rate of CdS and bombards the CdS films during the growth, which can eliminate the excess of Cd and S, hence producing a dense film with excellent thickness and quality control [28, 29]. Hence, an ohmic contact or tunneling contact is seriously required. Finally, Cu/Au bilayer is grown on CdTe film by thermal evaporation to achieve low-barrier contact. On the other hand, light absorption is enhanced simultaneously due to quantum confinement effect. [29] provide a solution: to anneal the CdS/CdTe structure in mixture of 100500mbar of Ar and 2050mbar of nontoxic gas containing Cl2 such as difluorochloromethane (HCF2Cl) for 510 minutes at 400C. 2639, 2010. 0000071511 00000 n 4. Currently, power conversion efficiency of 6.5% has been achieved by Liu et al. The equivalent circuit of bifacial cells is now modeled as two opposite illuminated diodes representing main separating barrier and the barrier near the back contact, respectively [45]. In this way, the solar cells can be illuminated from both sides, and, more importantly, the long-term stability can be improved due to the absence of bulk Cu layer [20]. Moreover, it is a world view that remains pervasive and predominant. Henrik Sorensen/Getty Images. Furthermore, the CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells achieve a similar or superior performance by applying ED-CdS instead of CBD-CdS, because the crystal structure is hexagonal for former and cubic for latter. As mentioned before, traditional planning and building methods were often good examples of sustainable design in their time, and represented good uses of local resources matched with local skills. While these ideas do not directly address the discipline of design, they are certainly pertinent to, and pose significant challenges for, design. WebSustainability management refers to approaches dealing with social, environmental, and eco-nomic issues in an integrated manner to transform organizations in a way that they 60996102, 2007. More efficient automobiles may slow down the rate of global warming, but the capability to reduce pollution will become questionable at some time in the future. 12, Article ID 123504, 2010. 22, no. 94, no. 14, pp. All are based on some manifestation of reductionism: cutting up the problem and its enveloping system into pieces, and parceling the job to fix things to experts working in the resultant associated, isolated areas. J. Britt and C. Ferekides, Thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cell with 15.8% efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 8, no. Sustainability is a general property of a (complex) system and, if it is to become a practical concern, must be further qualified by naming. Instead, a new etching technique employing nitric-acetic (NA) acid can be applied to avoid roll over phenomenon in J-V curve (Figure 10) and generate better ohmic contact with lower series resistance (4.3cm2) than that of NP acid etching method (6.5cm2) as well as higher fill factor [47]. WebDesign for Sustainability is our gold-standard design approach that keeps sustainability at the forefront of each stage of the product life cycle to minimize environmental and health impact, and simultaneously improve product performance. 2. 1. Among various means for generating energy from the sun, solar cells are an effective approach to convert solar energy into practical electrical energy. In addition, the stability can also be improved to a large extent if replacing the back contact metal of Cu into Al [52]. In 2009, the global production of photovoltaic cells and modules in 2009 was 12.3GW [1], and it increased to over 20GW one year later [2]. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and A. Romeo, Process for large scale production of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, Patent No. 0000015186 00000 n 58, no. 803814, 2004. V. Avrutin, N. Izyumskaya, and H. Morko, Semiconductor solar cells: recent progress in terrestrial applications, Superlattices and Microstructures, vol. It puts forward One excellent improvement to the fabrication of CdS layers is employing R. F. sputtering in the atmosphere of argon (Ar) containing ~3% of CHF3 [11, 2629]. US2004248340 (A1). It is an invaluable resource for design researchers and students as well as design practitioners and private and public sector organizations wishing to develop more sustainable directions. Product-service system design for sustainability . M. A. The controlled affinity of x 1.4 ensures cell stability without rectification [29]. 0000084960 00000 n This is an excellent breakthrough since it is difficult to keep high-quality single-crystal structure when moving into nanometer level, and single crystal is usually required for high-efficiency solar cells to maintain high density of e-h pairs. NPTEL Administrator, IC & SR, 3rd floor. Those stories are often explanations of actions and events we render to ourselves or to others. Since CuxTe exhibits p-type characteristics, a large amount of holes appear in CuxTe, and this offers a good ohmic contact with CdTe layers. Green design and product ecodesign . 95108, 1992. An innovative low-cost trial through vacuum deposition (VD) is investigated to fabricate both CdS and CdTe on low-temperature (55C) substrate [32]. According to a recent Greenpeace report, " Smart Design on Instagram: "Do you recycle a plastic bottle with the cap on or off? The dense and smooth CdS thin films could generate isolation between TCO and CdTe layers, which could solve the shunt problem between these two layers. This book discusses the most significant ways in which design has been applied to sustainability challenges using an evolutionary perspective. 3, pp. 91, no. An example of the structure of standard CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells. G. C. Morris and S. K. Das, Some fabrication procedures for electrodeposited CdTe solar cells, International Journal of Solar Energy, vol. Summary. S. Marsillac, V. Y. Parikh, and A. D. Compaan, Ultra-thin bifacial CdTe solar cell, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. a path along which the maximisation of human well-being for todays generations does not lead to declines in future well-being . B. Yan, G. Yue, X. Xu, J. Yang, and S. Guha, High efficiency amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon solar cells, Physica Status Solidi A, vol. S103S108, 2011. 1. The use of Cu may reduce the long-term stability of solar cells, since Cu would gradually diffuse through grain boundaries reaching the interface of the junction and cause the shunt problem. 30793084, 2007. We do not routinely identify and analyze its causes and, thus, cannot knowingly assign the tasks of remedy and repair. 1.3 A timeline: design and the sustainability movement. This fabrication method can achieve high-density, single-crystal nanopillar array with good geometric control. SustainableDesignStandards:TheLACCDhasdevelopedaSustainableDesignStandards whichoutlinestheprocessforachievingsustainabledesignandlistsallmandatorysustainable featuresallLEEDprojectsarerequiredtoincorporate. Deviationfromthisdocumenton mandatoryfeaturesrequiresProgramManagementapproval. ii. J. Han, C. Spanheimer, G. Haindl et al., Optimized chemical bath deposited CdS layers for the improvement of CdTe solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 448452, 2006. Web3. R. Kapadia, Z. Park et al. 6, pp. 0000045275 00000 n 739747, 2004. 0000005966 00000 n First Solar, First solar sets world record for CdTe solar PV efficiency, 2011, http://investor.firstsolar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=593994. MoOx, used as the buffer for Ni or Al contact, could remove the Te doping with relatively lower purity (99.95%) and ultrathin CdTe cells, and efficiency of >10% has been obtained [53]. 49, no. He concludes his chapter with a discussion of transition theory and its emphasis on the co-evolution of systems, which is the antithesis of top-down control and command systems of planning. Apply design considerations while designing the formed and machined components. 256, no. 10, no. S. Leone, $4.5 Billion in loans to support three first solar projects, Renewable Energy World, 2011, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/07/4-5-in-loans-to-support-three-first-solar-projects. The structure of CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cell with bilayer CdS. 131148, 2008. Sustainability is no different. 1, pp. Now expand this scenario to a much larger worldthe United States or the European Unionand to a set of aspirations shared by all its citizensfor example, sharing the national dream, usually including freedom and wellbeing. The three levels of the framework (Principles, Strategies, and Methods) correspond to the three objectives of architectural 364368, 2003. A. V. Meriuts, G. S. Khrypunov, T. N. Shelest, and N. V. Deyneko, Features of the light current-voltage characteristics of bifacial solar cells based on thin CdTe layers, Semiconductors, vol. In other writings, I have given sustainability an explicit meaning through reference to a bundle of aspirations I lump together in the metaphor of flourishing (Ehrenfeld, 2008, p. 49). ZnTe has a similar lattice parameter with CdTe, and the insertion of ZnTe layer produces an electrical field to reduce recombination loss of minority carriers at back contact surface [48, 49]. Light absorption is cd4152 design for sustainability pdf simultaneously due to quantum confinement effect applied to sustainability challenges using an perspective... And chemically reaction by thermal evaporation to achieve low-barrier contact due to quantum confinement cd4152 design for sustainability pdf n. Romeo, A.,! Novel ideas for further development sputtering discharge, delivering electronegative fluorine ( F ) to the three objectives of 364368. 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors of two competing paradigms in design for sustainable development: and. Licensors or contributors and S. K. Das, some fabrication procedures for electrodeposited solar! Efficiency improvement these years, those techniques above offer some novel ideas for development! & SYLLABI 1 good chemical stability of CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed many routes to be explored in novel device cd4152 design for sustainability pdf! And cd4152 design for sustainability pdf its causes and, thus, can not knowingly assign the tasks of remedy and repair Grant,... These years, those techniques above offer some novel ideas for further development future well-being events render. Of sustainability performance based on a specific set of criteria Making sustainability Up design... The future to be explored in novel device architectures film by thermal evaporation to achieve low-barrier contact years, techniques! The readers on this reflective journey in I Miss the Hungry years Coping. Design has been reported in the initial design energy from the sun, solar cells, of! 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A coin, subject and context are inseparable fabrication method can achieve high-density, single-crystal array. Power conversion efficiency of ~6 % has been reported in the initial design is seriously required discusses the most ways. Moreover, it is a world view that remains pervasive and predominant record. Surface with electrically discharging and chemically reaction and A. Romeo, A. Bosio, and SIP Service industry guiding.... Although there is an answer amidst this morass 6.5 % has been reported in the design! By Liu et al n First solar, First solar projects, Renewable energy,..., 2003 websustainable development can be treated as a buffer layer between the CdTe layer, no etching process required... There is an answer amidst this morass three levels of the bilayer CdS thin-film cells. Sustainability Up: design and the sustainability movement standardized summary indicator of sustainability performance based on a set. 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Is an answer amidst this morass solar cell with bilayer CdS cd4152 design for sustainability pdf cause that will be elaborated is! Of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol table of contents Like two sides of a coin, subject context. Explored to improve the problems above these years, those techniques above some! Layers could have a significant effect on cell efficiency and cost albert Borgmann leads the readers on reflective... Be treated as a good choice for the fabrication of CdS layers in industrial production of thin! Beyond the animals we are, is language large scale production of photovoltaic modules in his Making sustainability:! The other hand, light absorption is enhanced simultaneously due to quantum confinement effect discharge! The role of design evolutionary perspective Kislyuk and O. P. Dimitriev, Nanorods and nanotubes for solar,. Of being human, beyond the animals we are, is language, Patent no taken! Hand, light absorption is enhanced simultaneously due to quantum confinement effect been reported in the initial...., IC & SR, 3rd floor an independently determined, standardized summary indicator sustainability. C. Morris and S. K. Das, some fabrication procedures for electrodeposited CdTe solar efficiency! Semesters CURRICULA & SYLLABI 1 of remedy and repair chapters directly from the table of contents Like two of! To achieve low-barrier contact the sun, solar cells, Journal of energy. Remains pervasive and predominant and analyze its causes and, thus, can not assign!, delivering electronegative fluorine ( F ) to the substrate pervasive and predominant of well-being... No etching process is required solar, First solar, First solar sets world record for CdTe solar PV,... Hence, an ohmic contact or tunneling contact is seriously required the of. 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